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<p>
A simple switch circuit using a
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor">transistor</a>. When the switch is
closed, current flows through the base to the emitter (this junction acts like a diode). This switches
the transistor on, so that current
can flow from the collector to the emitter. A small base current can control a much larger current from
the collector to the emitter.
<p>
The transistor wants the collector-emitter current to be 100 times the base current, but
it can't, because such a large current through the 300 ohm resistor would bring the collector below ground.
So, the transistor is in saturation mode; it brings the collector voltage as low as possible.
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